Understanding Your Credit Score

You’ve just applied for a mortgage or auto loan and your lender comes back with a three-digit number that summarizes your credit worthiness and you have no clue what that number really means. What is the difference between a 540, a 670 and a 780? If you’re not familiar with credit scores then these seemingly random numbers can make it difficult to determine where you stand. And in today’s difficult economic environment, you need every point you can get. In this article we’re going to find out exactly what these numbers mean to lenders – and to you.

 
*Range above based on the FICO credit score, which is used by most lenders.

Outstanding: 800+
If your credit score is over 800 then you’re pretty much the best of the best as far as the lending and insurance worlds are concerned. With scores this high, you represent an outstanding credit risk, almost non-existent, and you’ll qualify for the best deals. Consumers that score in the 800+ range typically have a long credit history with multiple credit accounts that have been paid on time for years. There are no derogatory records such as collections, bankruptcies or charge-off accounts and very little credit card debt. These people are almost immune to the credit crisis.

Very Good: 750 – 799
If your credit score is between the 750 – 799 range, lenders will view you as a very low credit risk and you’ll qualify for some of the lowest lending rates available. You manage your credit responsibly by paying your bills on time and keeping your credit balances very low in relation to the credit limits.

Good: 700 – 749
Credit scores in the 700 – 749 range are categorized as a low credit risk. There may be a history of late payments in the past but all of your accounts are currently paid on time and have been for the last several years. You also manage your credit card debt reasonably well and are not close to maxing out on your credit cards. Scores in this range won’t always qualify for the best deals but they will definitely qualify you for very competitive rates and terms.

Not Bad: 650 – 699
Now we’re starting to get into the riskier credit score ranges. If your credit score is in the 650 – 699 range, lenders and insurers will view you as a moderate credit risk. You probably have older derogatory items on your credit report that aren’t hurting your score as much as they used to. A score in this range could also be the result of high credit card balances or too many applications for new credit in the last few months. With scores in this range you should still be able to obtain credit and insurance, but your rates will be considerably higher and the terms would be much less attractive than they would be if you were in the 700+ categories.

Poor: 600 – 649
If your credit score is in the 600 – 649 range, then lenders and insurance companies will view you as a high credit risk. Scores in this range are typically considered “subprime” by most lenders. Your credit score could be lower than average because of derogatory items on your credit report, such as late payments, collections or even bankruptcy and/or you may have high amounts of credit card debt. Scores in this range are less likely to get approved for standard credit products and usually pay very high interest rates and even less appealing terms. It’s also important to note that scores in this range have a high possibility of being denied for credit or insurance.

Very Bad: Below 600
Consumers with scores below 600 are considered very poor credit risks and will have a very hard time finding a lender willing to take the risk to approve your applications. If you are approved, you’ll be charged extremely high interest rates and/or insurance premiums. Credit scores below 600 are usually caused by chronic late payments, collection accounts, or public records appearing on your credit reports. Combining excessive applications for new credit with large amounts of credit card debt can also lower your scores to this level. It will be difficult for you to obtain new credit without the help of a co-signer, a large down payment or collateral.

No Credit Score
There is one other category that we haven’t talked about and that is the ‘no credit’ category. In order for lenders and insurers to accurately predict your risk they need to evaluate your credit score. If you don’t have a credit score, they can’t predict your risk and will typically bet on the safe side and decline your application or price it very poorly. There are a few reasons why you may not have a score:

You don’t have any credit accounts in your credit files. In this case, having no credit score is better than having very bad credit for the simple fact that there are some lenders that will take the risk and give you a shot at establishing credit with them for the first time. These lenders are typically retail store accounts with smaller credit limits and higher interest rates. Another option could be a secured credit card. With either option, you can establish your credit by opening an account and managing it responsibly. This means making your payments on time and keeping the balances as low as possible. After 3 – 6 months of use, your credit report will be able to be scored.
You have credit accounts in your credit reports but you have not been using the credit cards or loan accounts regularly enough for there to be recent information or activity in your credit reports. In order for there to be a credit score, at least one of your accounts need to have been updated within the last 3 – 6 months to show activity. If you haven’t used any of the accounts in the last year or so, it might be a good idea to charge something small and pay it off just to show some type of activity on the account in your credit reports.
You have a deceased indicator on your credit reports. If you have a joint account with someone who passed away, it is possible that the lender will report the account as belonging to a deceased person. And if you’re a joint holder on the account, that notation can show up in your credit files too. If it does, you won’t be able to be scored until the deceased indicator is removed from your credit reports.

by Edward Jamison, Esq.

How Medical Collections Hurt Credit Scores

We all know that ignoring our credit card bills will most likely lead to collections. We also know that if we break a lease and skip out on the last months rent, this too could lead to collections. What if we don’t pay a utility or phone bill for several months? Not only would we end up with no power or phone service, but you guessed it, we’d probably end up with collections as well. What we don’t expect is inefficient communication between our doctors and our insurance company damaging our credit and credit scores.

Between uninsured Americans and the bureaucratic red tape between large healthcare companies and insurance providers, medical collections have become increasingly common in consumer credit reports. The problem is that a lot of consumers believe that medical collections are overlooked or excluded from their credit and credit scores. Unfortunately, medical collections are no different than other types of collections and can wreak havoc on your credit scores just as easily. The most frustrating thing with medical collections is that in most cases the consumer isn’t the cause, yet they end up paying the price as though it were.

One reason for the large misconception about medical collections is due to how some industries view them. While medical collections hurt your credit scores just as badly as other collections, most industries don’t view medical collections as negatively as other collections. The mortgage industry in particular, will frown on unpaid collections but tend to overlook or turn a blind eye on unpaid medical collections. Even FHA guidelines aren’t overly concerned with medical collections when determining a consumer’s eligibility for a mortgage loan. This begs the question, “why do credit scoring models view medical collections the same way they view non-medical collections?” There are a couple of reasons:

As long as the companies that build the credit scoring models continue to treat medical collections as normal collections, they’ll continue to hurt your scores. Unfortunately, the blame doesn’t lie solely on the credit scoring models…the credit reporting agencies are also part of the problem. Read on…
Credit reporting agencies are just as guilty for the way medical collections are handled because they allow collection agencies to report the medical collections. If they are reported in your credit report the credit scoring models will see these accounts and they will continue to damage your scores. If the credit bureaus would implement a policy that would NOT allow medical collections to be reported if the collections were caused by insurance claim errors. This would require the doctor’s office and the collector to prove that the collection is valid before it could be reported which is exactly what the Fair Credit Reporting Act was intended to do. Sadly, this will never happen. Keep reading…
If the credit scoring companies and the credit bureaus ever did change the negative impact of medical collections on credit scores, the collection agencies would hit the roof. Think about it, if medical collections didn’t hurt your score, what motivation would people have top pay them? The problem is that collection agencies represent a hefty client base for the bureaus and generate a pretty large revenue stream. If the credit bureaus ever decided to change how medical collections are reported or treated, you can bet that the collection agencies would throw their proverbial weight around.
So what does this mean to you and how can you keep this from happening? This is a tough one because there’s really no easy answer. The best option would be to avoid medical collections if at all possible. This may mean paying for medical debts until your insurance company processes the claim and pays the bill. The problem with this solution is that not everyone has the funds to do so. Another option might be charging the services to a credit card but this too can cause problems because higher utilization on your credit cards can cause your credit scores to fall.

In this case there’s just not a simple solution. Until the credit industry makes changes to flaws in the system, consumers with medical collections caused by insurance company incompetence will continue to suffer from poor credit scores.

 by Edward Jamison, Esq.

5 Big Credit Mistakes

It’s surprising how many consumers make the same credit scoring mistakes over and over again. In an effort to educate consumers on credit and credit scoring, we’ve compiled 5 common credit scoring mistakes into a list that defines each mistake and explains why they are bad and how to avoid them:

Credit Mistake #1: Closing Credit Cards Accounts

This is probably THE biggest credit mistake that consumers make. What you may find surprising is that closing credit card accounts can hurt your credit score almost as badly as missing a payment.

Not only is this the number one on the top five credit scoring mistakes, it’s also number one on the list of credit myths.

Ironically, most consumers make this mistake based on poor advice from a mortgage lender as a strategy for improving their credit scores. A word of advice people, when you’re dealing with something as sensitive as your credit and credit scores, make sure you do your homework before trusting some of these so called ‘industry experts’ before following through with their advice.

There are two important reasons why you should not close credit card accounts:

1. Eventually, the accounts will fall off of your credit reports – The information in your credit reports are subject to certain rules in regards to how long it can remain in the report. In most cases, credit information will remain in your credit reports for seven years from the account’s DLA or date of last activity.

When an account is open, the DLA will continue to update each month and the open account will never reach that seven-year mark.

If you close the account, the DLA will stop updating and the clock will start ticking. Eventually the account will be completely removed from your credit reports.

Why would this be a bad thing?

It’s simple – you never want to get rid of old, positive information in your credit reports. This information actually helps your credit scores.

Credit scores want to see this positive account information. They want to see your long, perfect history of making your payments on time because this information significantly helps your credit scores.

This information significantly helps your credit scores so why would you ever want that history to disappear? You wouldn’t! Here’s an analogy for you: let’s say you made straight A’s in high school. What if the record of that perfect scholastic accomplishment were permanently deleted seven years after you graduated? Would you ever want that history deleted? Of course you wouldn’t. The same is true for the credit reporting environment.

So, what should you do with old credit cards that you don’t use any longer?

What you don’t want to do is to let the account become inactive. When this happens, the credit card companies aren’t generating any revenue for your account.

Eventually they’ll close the unused account because you’re more of a liability than an asset. You can prevent this from happening by using the card every few months for low dollar purchases like dinner or a tank of gas.

When the bill comes in, just pay it in full. If you do this, it will ensure that the account will never be closed and you’ll always get credit for your good payment history.

2. You could cause a spike in your revolving utilization and tank your scores – The percentage of your available credit in comparison to the debt you owe is a very important factor in calculating your credit scores.

This is often called “revolving utilization,” or your debt-to-limit ratio.

For example, if you have an open credit card with a $1,000 credit limit and a $500 balance then you are using 50% of your available credit. This means that you are 50% utilized on this particular credit card.

Now lets add a second credit card to the mix.

Let’s say you have another open, but unused credit card account with a $1,000 limit and a $0 balance. This would put your total revolving utilization at 25% because you have $2,000 in available credit limits and $500 in total balances.

If you divide your total balances by your total credit limits, you’ll get your total aggregate revolving utilization: $500 divided by $2000 equals .25 or 25%.

So how will closing unused credit cards hurt your credit score? When you close an account, the amount of available credit decreases, which could result in a higher revolving utilization and lower your score.

Let’s use the example from above and close the second unused credit card account. When you close the account, you remove it from any utilization calculation and now you’re stuck with one open credit card account with a $1,000 limit and a $500 balance.

This caused your utilization to go from 25% to 50%.

Remember, you divide the total balance by the total available limit so $500 divided by $1,000 is .50 or 50%. As this percentage increases, your credit score decreases.

When you’re talking about several unused credit cards with high limits, you can just imagine what closing credit card accounts could do. I’ve seen consumers go from a 10% utilization to almost 100% utilization because they closed all of their credit card accounts except the one they were currently using.

Big mistake.

Credit Mistake #2: Missing Payments

It doesn’t take a credit scoring expert to tell you that missing payments is a bad thing. The only reason I made missing payments second to Closing Credit Card Accounts is because this one is a no brainer.

It shouldn’t take a credit expert to tell you that missing payments is bad. Common sense should tell you that missing payments is bad. Credit scores are designed to predict how likely you are to miss payments in the future.

This means that they look at your credit history to view how you’ve managed all of your credit obligations.

Missed payments is the most powerful predictor of future late payments. The FICO score evaluates previous late payments in three different layers:

How Severe – How severe is the late payment? It doesn’t take a statistician to tell you that a 30-day late isn’t as bad as a 90-day late. The more severe the late payment, the more damaging it is going to be to your credit scores.

Consumers who have missed payments by a few weeks and then bring their accounts current score much better than consumers that have gone 90+ days past due. In fact, a 90-day past due is the threshold that will wreak havoc on your scores.

If you are unable to avoid a late payment, the next best option is to get those accounts current as quickly as you can.

How Recent – How long ago did the late payment occur?

If you’ve read some of my previous articles on credit scoring, you’ll know that the last 24 months of your credit history are critical because the FICO score places more emphasis on your recent credit patterns.

This means that a late payment 6 months ago is going to carry much more weight than a late payment from 4 years ago. To recover from late payments it’s important that you get current and stay current.

How Frequent – How often have the late payments occurred? Consumers that miss payments frequently are penalized much more severely than those that have missed a payment here or there in their past.

If you have a tendency to make late payments your credit scores will reflect your bad habits. Make your payments on time and you’ll never have to worry about losing points in this category.

Credit Mistake #3: Settling Accounts

One of the most common mistakes consumers make is assuming that ‘settling’ with a lender is a great way to save a little cash.

Unfortunately, they don’t realize what that a ‘settled’ indicator in their credit reports is actually derogatory.

“Settling” is a term used in the consumer credit industry that means accepting less than the amount you owe on an account. For example, if you owe a credit card company $5,000 but you can’t pay them the full amount then they will likely make you a deal for less than that full amount. They have “settled” for less than the full amount, which is likely much less than you contractually owe them.

This may seem like a good idea because you save quite a bit of money but as far as the credit scoring models are concerned, this is just as negative as other severe late payments.

The only way to avoid the damage to your credit scores is to arrange a deal with the lender to report the account as ‘paid in full’ as opposed to ‘settled’. If they don’t agree then it’s in your best interest to figure out how to pay them in full or else be prepared to suffer the damage to your credit for the next 7 years.

It’s also important to understand that if the account has already made it to the collection phase, the damage is already severe and settling won’t really make a difference. Settling is only an option if the account has already made it to a severe delinquency state.Â

Credit Mistake #4: High Revolving Utilization on Your Credit Cards

Most consumers believe that making your payments on time is all it takes to have good credit and earn great credit scores.

What they don’t realize is that almost a third of your score is determined by how much you owe on your credit card accounts. If you have high balances on your credit card accounts, you’re credit scores could be severely impacted by your revolving utilization.

In order to score the most possible points in this category, I advise keeping your revolving utilization at 10% or less.

Don’t be fooled when you hear some of these celebrity experts telling you that 50%, 30% or even 25% is best.

While 30% is considerably better than 50%, 10% or less is ideal. The lower the utilization percentage, the better your score will be. (*To read more about revolving utilization and how it’s calculated, please read the revolving utilization bullet in Mistake #1.)

Credit Mistake #5: Excessively Applying for Credit

Whenever you apply for credit your application gives the lender permission to access your credit reports. When they pull your credit reports, it automatically posts an inquiry in your credit record. This inquiry is a record of who pulled your credit report and the date it occurred.Â

Credit scoring models use inquires to determine if and when you shop for credit. Statistics show that consumers who have more inquiries are higher credit risks than those with fewer inquiries.

It is for this reason that the more inquiries you have, the more points you lose in the credit score calculation.

The exact point value of inquiries is a much argued topic and is impossible to give an exact point value because it really depends on all of the other information included in your individual credit file.

The best strategy would be to only apply for credit when you absolutely need to.

This means that you should avoid those in store offers of “10% off” in exchange for applying for a store credit card. This may sound like a great idea but the reality is that while you may save a few bucks on your purchase, those inquiries could end up costing you a lower credit score which could result in higher interest rates on auto or mortgage loans in the future.

There you have it. Now that you know the top 5 credit mistakes, you can avoid making the same mistakes that so many other consumers make.

By: Edward Jamison, Esq.